3.4.4. 过去进行时与一般过去时的区别 ◆过去进行时强调动作的持续性,与always等词连用还可以具有感情色彩;而一般过去时仅陈述事实。例如: I was working all morning.(整个早晨都在工作。) I worked all morning.(仅仅是对过去动作的叙述。) Jane was always coming late.(表示不满。) Jane always came late.(陈述事实。) 所以,过去进行时更具描绘性,故常用于描写之中,作为背景介绍。例如: The boat was drifting slowly towards the bank, where an old man was standing, his hand shading his eyes. 但是在叙述过去某一事件时,我们用一般过去时。请注意下面例句中的过去进行时与一般过去时的搭配。 A wood fire was burning on the hearth, and a dog was sleeping in front of it. Mother was knitting and singing softly to herself. Suddenly, there was a knock on the window. Mother stopped knitting. The dog woke up. ◆过去进行时强调动作未完成;而一般过去时强调动作已完成。例如: I was reading the book last night.(未读完。) I read the book last night.(已读完。) The boy was drowning.(还没有淹死。) The boy drowned.(已经淹死了。) 遇到when引导的时间状语从句,主句中的过去进行时表示该动作正在该时刻进行;而一般过去时则表示该动作在从句动作之后完成。例如: When I saw him, he ran away.(我看到他的时候,他逃跑了。——先看到他,然后他跑开了。) When I saw him, he was running away.(我看到他的时候,他正在逃跑。) 在while引导的时间状语从句中,主句和从句的动词可以同时用过去进行时,表示两个动作同时进行,并含有对比意义。例如: While I was working in the garden, my wife was cooking dinner. ★过去进行时可以用来描述非正式的动作,表示该动作是偶然的,而不是刻意安排的;而一般过去时用来描述的是正式的动作,而且可能是刻意安排的。例如: I was talking to Johnson the other day.(可能是一次偶然的交谈。) I talked to Johnson the other day.(我有意找他谈话;我主动找他谈话。) 3.4.5. 状态动词和进行时 英语中的状态动词除了be动词之外,还包括: 表示感官的动词,如feel, hear, see, smell, notice, taste等; 表示感觉和情感的动词,如hate, like, love, want, wish等; 表示心理活动的动词,如agree, believe, think, suppose, expect等; 表示所属关系的动词,如belong, own, possess, owe, have等; 其他动词,如appear, seem, matter, keep, hold等。 状态动词一般不用于进行时,但有时也有例外情况。这要视具体情况而定。 ◆ be动词 be动词由于进行时可以表示暂时的状态。例如: You are not being very polite.(你此刻不是很有礼貌。——暂时的状态。) 比较:You are not very polite.(你通常不大讲礼貌。——经常如此。) 所以永久性状态不能用于进行时。例如,我们不能说You are being tall. be动词用于进行时,主语必须是人,而且该动作或状态必须由人的主观意志所控制。例如,我们不说The trees are being green.或He is being ill. ◆have have作主动词时,如表示“拥有”,没有进行时。例如: I have a big family. have作主动词时,用于其他意义,如吃饭、上课等,可以有进行时。例如: They are having a class. I’m having dinner now. ◆ 表示感官的状态动词 A. feel feel表示“感到……,感觉……”时,一般没有进行时。例如: Don’t you feel the house shaking? The weather feels cold. —How do you feel? —I feel better. 但有时,feel的这种用法也可以用进行时,在意义上没有太大的区别。例如: —How are you feeling? —I am feeling better. feel表示“用手摸”这一动作时,有进行时,此时feel为及物动词。例如: The doctor was feeling his pulse. He is feeling for the keyhole in the dark. B. smell smell表示“闻起来给人的感觉”时,没有进行时,此时smell为连系动词;smell表示“闻味道”这一动作时,有进行时,此时smell为及物动词。例如: Why are you smelling the milk? Does it smell sour? C. taste taste表示“尝起来给人的感觉”时,没有进行时,此时taste为连系动词。例如: The coffee tastes bitter. taste表示“尝味道”这一动作时,有进行时,此时taste为及物动词。例如: She was tasting the pudding to see if it was sweet enough. D. look look表示“看上去给人的感觉”时,没有进行时,此时look为连系动词。例如: He looks tired. 但有时为了强调暂时状态,look也可用于进行时。例如: You are looking depressed. You are looking ill. look表示“看”这一动作时,有进行时,此时look常与at, for, into, out等词连用。例如:He is looking for his shoes. The police was looking into the case. look用于进行时也能与比较级连用,表示过程。例如: He was looking paler and paler. E. see see表示“看到”时,没有进行时。例如: I saw him leave he house. 但see表示“接见、会面”时,有进行时。例如: The director is seeing the applicant this morning. I’m seeing my solicitor tomorrow. 另外,由see构成的动词短语通常也可以用于进行时。例如: see about / to(安排) see sb. out(护送某人外出) see sb. home(送某人回家) see sb. off(送行) F. hear hear表示“听到、听说”时,没有进行时。例如: I hear somebody singing in the next room. 但hear表示“正式的听某事,以获取信息”时,有进行时。例如: The court is hearing evidence. 表示心理活动的状态动词 A. think think表示“认为”时,没有进行时。例如: I think it’s time to go. 但think表示“思考、考虑”时,有进行时。例如: (1)—What are you thinking about? —I’m thinking about the film we saw last night. (2)—Tom is thinking of emigrating. What do you think of this idea? —I think it’s a stupid idea. B. expect expect表示“预计”,用来表达观点时,没有进行时。例如: I expect she’s looking for you, too. 但expect表示“期待”,相当于wait时,有进行时。例如: I’m expecting a letter. She is expecting a baby in June. 其他动词 appear表示“看上去”时,没有进行时。例如: It appears out of question.(连系动词) 但appear表示“出现”时,有进行时。例如: The actress is appearing on the stage. |